Indigenous women at the crossroads of migration and marginalization

Aafia Shereen; Shantanu Ghosh; Sutapa Dutta

doi:10.63207/tefros.v24n1.a5

Autores

Aafia Shereen Amity Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida, India https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4104-3202
Shantanu Ghosh Amity Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6761-0450
Sutapa Dutta Gargi College, University of Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0852-6651

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63207/tefros.v24n1.a5

Palavras-chave:

mulheres indígenas, migração, interseção, feminismo indígena , marginalização

Resumo

Mulheres indígenas migrantes enfrentam camadas de opressão que resultam em sua desapropriação e invisibilidade. Situadas na interseção entre desigualdade sistêmica, dominação patriarcal e violência de gênero, elas sofrem camadas sobrepostas de marginalização. Este artigo destaca as realidades cotidianas de mulheres indígenas migrantes no Sul da Ásia e na América Latina, com base em estudos de caso e narrativas provenientes da Índia e de Bangladesh, Guatemala, México e Honduras. A partir do diálogo com a teoria do contrato social e com os referenciais do feminismo interseccional, o artigo examina como as mulheres indígenas migrantes são frequentemente relegadas às periferias. Enquanto os discursos predominantes sobre a questão indígena tendem a enfatizar a erosão cultural, raramente abordam de forma adequada a violência e a vulnerabilidade enfrentadas por essas mulheres em situação de migração. Combinando revisão bibliográfica, relatórios de políticas públicas, estudos de caso e narrativas documentadas por etnógrafos anteriores, o artigo analisa como as mulheres indígenas migrantes são submetidas ao sexismo racializado, à exploração do trabalho e à alienação cultural. Essa abordagem metodológica qualitativa permite evidenciar a violência epistêmica presente nos discursos feministas e migratórios dominantes, que costumam excluir perspectivas indígenas. Como espaço de resistência crítica, o artigo propõe uma compreensão do feminismo indígena que recupera as vozes das mulheres indígenas migrantes, desafiando simultaneamente as estruturas coloniais e os patriarcados internos. Assim, o texto contribui para o avanço de um discurso feminista que reflita epistemologias plurais e reposiciona as mulheres indígenas migrantes como agentes centrais de resistência na luta mais ampla por reconhecimento, justiça e autodeterminação. Ao fim, argumentamos que um marco jurídico inclusivo e políticas migratórias culturalmente sensíveis podem oferecer caminhos promissores de transformação.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Referências

Acién González, E. (2024). Nigerian migrant women and human trafficking narratives: Stereotypes, stigma, and ethnographic knowledge. Social Sciences, 13(4), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13040207

Anderson, K. (2000). A recognition of being: Reconstructing Native womanhood. Toronto, Canada: Sumach Press.

Anderson, K. (2010). Affirmations of an Indigenous feminist. In Suzack, C., Huhndorf, S. M., Perreault, J. & Barman, J. (Eds.), Indigenous women and feminism: Politics, activism, culture (pp. 81-97). Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.

Bala, M., & Roy, M. (2024). The silenced “other” talks back from jungle: A study of hunting ritual by Indigenous women in Mahasweta Devi’s “The Hunt”. Rupkatha Journal, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v16n1.18

Bandela, A. P., Kolay, S. K., & Kumar, R. D. S. (2013). Migration of tribal women: Human rights deprivation. Asian Review of Social Sciences, 2(1), 1–6.

Barcham, M. (2000). (De)constructing the politics of indigeneity. In Ivison, D. Patton, P. & Sanders, W. (Eds.), Political theory and the rights of Indigenous peoples (pp. 137-151). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Bidaseca, K. A., & Vázquez Laba, V. P. (2011). Feminismos y (des)colonialidad: Las voces de las mujeres indígenas del sur [Feminisms and (De)coloniality: The voices of Indigenous women in the South]. Revista Temas de Mujeres, 7(7), 1–19. Recuperado de: https://ojs.filo.unt.edu.ar/index.php/temasdemujeres/article/view/44

Bijoy, C. R., Gopalakrishnan, S., Khanna, S., & Maranan, L. (2010). India and the rights of Indigenous peoples: Constitutional, legislative, and administrative provisions concerning Indigenous and tribal peoples in India and their relation to international law on Indigenous peoples. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact.

Burnette, C. E. (2016). Historical oppression and Indigenous families: Uncovering potential risk factors for Indigenous families touched by violence. Family Relations, 65(3), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12191

Cabnal, L. (2010). Acercamiento a la construcción de la propuesta de pensamiento epistémico de las mujeres indígenas feministas comunitarias de Abya Yala [Approach to the construction of the epistemic thought proposal of Indigenous community feminist women of Abya Yala]. Feminismos diversos: El feminismo comunitario, (pp. 10–25).

ACSUR-Las Segovias [Retrieved from] : https://porunavidavivible.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/feminismos-comunitario-lorena-cabnal.pdf

Chang, G. (2000). Disposable domestics: Immigrant women workers in the global economy. Cambridge, USA: South End Press.

Coates, K. S. (2004). A global history of Indigenous peoples: Struggle and survival. New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan.

Corntassel, J. (2003). Who is Indigenous? ‘Peoplehood’ and ethnonationalist approaches to rearticulating Indigenous identity. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9(1), 75–100.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

del Águila, A. (2014). Carole Pateman y la crítica feminista a la teoría clásica de la democracia (Locke y Rousseau) [Carole Pateman and the feminist critique of the classical theory of democracy (Locke and Rousseau)]. Revista Estudos Feministas, 22(2), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2014000200003

Dove, M. R. (2006). Indigenous people and environmental politics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123235

Espiritu, Y. L. (2014). Body counts: The Vietnam War and militarized refugees. Oakland, USA: University of California Press.

Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2015). Qualitative systematic review of intimate partner violence among Native Americans. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(10), 754–760. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1047072

Gearon, J. (2021). Indigenous feminism is our culture. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Stanford, USA: https://doi.org/10.48558/wbfs-nm87

González Montes, S. (1994). Intergenerational and gender relations in the transition from a peasant economy to a diversified economy. In Fowler-Salamini, H. & Vaughan, M. K. (Eds.), Women of the Mexican countryside, 1850-1990: Creating spaces, shaping transitions (pp. 175–191). Tucson. USA: University of Arizona Press.

Guhathakurta, M. (2015). Indigenous women’s migration to cities: Root causes, coping mechanisms, and gendered transformations. In Hillmann, F., Pahl, M., Rafflenbeul, B. & Sterly, H. (Eds.), Environmental change, adaptation and migration: Bringing in regional perspectives (pp. 141–160). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137538918

Hernández Castillo, R. A. (2010). The emergence of Indigenous feminism in Latin America. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 35(3), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1086/648538

Hirsch, J. S. (2003). A courtship after marriage: Sexuality and love in Mexican transnational families (1st ed.). Oakland, USA: University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppbfw

Hobbes, T. (1996) [1651]. Leviathan: Revised student edition (R. Tuck, Ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808166

Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2007). Doméstica: Immigrant workers cleaning and caring in the shadows of affluence. Oakland, USA: University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt4cgfk9

Huhndorf, S. M., & Suzack, C. (2010). Indigenous feminism: Theorizing the issues. In Suzack, C., Huhndorf, S. M., Perreault, J. & Barman, J. (Eds.), Indigenous women and feminism: Politics, activism, culture (pp. 1–17). Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.

International Labour Organization. (1989). Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (Nº 169). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169

Jiwani, Y. (2015). Violating in/visibilities: Honor killings and interlocking surveillance(s). In Dubrofsky, R. E. & Magnet, S. A. (Eds.), Feminist surveillance studies (pp. 79–92). Durham, USA: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822375463-005

Kapoor, R. (2023). Redefining the identity of people of Indian origin in Mauritius. Rupkatha Journal, 15(3),1–15 . https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.16

King, T. (2003). The truth about stories: a native narrative. Toronto, Canada: House of Anansi.

Kymlicka, W. (2010). The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism, 2008–2010. Ottawa, Canada: Citizenship and Immigration Canada. https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/cic/current_state_multiculturalism-ef/Ci96-112-2010-eng.pdf

Locke, J. (1988) [1689]. Two treatises of government (P. Laslett, Ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810268

Lowe, L. (2015). The intimacies of four continents. Durham, USA: Duke University Press.

Magliano, M. J. & Ferreccio, N. V. G. (2017). Interseccionalidades que condenan: Gestos coloniales del sistema jurídico en Argentina [Intersectionalities that condemn: Colonial gestures of the Argentine judicial system]. Revista Crítica

Penal y Poder, (13), 112–127. Recuperado de [Retrieved from]: https://www.aacademica.org/v.ferreccio/4

Matamonasa-Bennett, A. (2014). “A disease of the outside people”: Native American men’s perceptions of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314543783

Mathew, R., & Pandya, D. (2022). ‘Illusionary homelands’ and in-between identities: Liminal existence of the ‘Indian (non)-diaspora.’ Rupkatha Journal, 14(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v14n2.17

McKanders, K. M. (2010). The unspoken voices of Indigenous women in immigration raids. The Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 14(1), 1–39.

Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3), 333–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/302821

Moreton-Robinson, A. (2000). Talkin' up to the white woman: Indigenous women and feminism. Brisbane: Australia. University of Queensland Press.

Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership. Cambridge, USA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1c7zftw

Ohenjo, N., Willis, R., Jackson, D., Nettleton, C., Good, K., & Mugarura, B. (2006). Health of Indigenous people in Africa. The Lancet, 367(9525), 1937–1946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1

Olsen, T. A. (2018). This word is (not?) very exciting: Considering intersectionality in Indigenous studies. NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 26(3), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2018.1493534

Pellerin, H. (2019). Indigenous peoples in Canadian migration narratives: A story of marginalization. Aboriginal Policy Studies, 8(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v8i1.29347

Ross, L. (2009). From the “F” word to Indigenous/Feminisms. Wicazo Sa Review, 24(2), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0041

Rousseau, J.-J. (2018) [1762]. The social contract and other later political writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316584606

Roy, C. K. (2004). Indigenous women: A gender perspective. Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, Norway: Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14721/8090

Sandoval-Cervantes, I. (2017). Navigating the city: Internal migration of Oaxacan Indigenous women. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(5), 849–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1206814

Segato, R. L. (2016). La guerra contra las mujeres [The war against women]. Madrid, España: Traficantes de Sueños.

Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples. London. UK: Zed Books Ltd.

Soria, A. S. (2021). ¿Qué les hacen las mujeres indígenas a las políticas feministas? [What do Indigenous women do to feminist politics?]. Revista Estudos Feministas, 29(3), e70762. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2021v29n370762

Speed, S. (2023). A dreadful mosaic: Rethinking gender violence through the lives of Indigenous women migrants. In Narrow, S., Warren, K. C., Wu, J. T.-C. & V. L. Ruiz, J. T.-C. (Eds.), Unequal sisters: A revolutionary reader in U.S. women’s history (pp. 383–396) New York, USA: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003053989

Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In Nelson, C. & Grossberg, L. (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). London, UK: Macmillan.

Velasco Ortiz, L. (2004). Organizational experiences and female participation among Indigenous Oaxaqueños in Baja California. In Fox, J. & Rivera-Salgado, G. (Eds.), Indigenous Mexican migrants in the United States (pp. 101–124). La Jolla, USA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240